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Constipation

Learn more about symptoms, risk factors and treatment options.

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What is it?

Constipation is the passage of hard, dry bowel movements, or less frequent movements, often less than 3 times a week. If you’re constipated, you may find it difficult and painful to have a bowel movement.

Symptoms

Symptoms of constipation include:

  • Bloating 
  • Gas 
  • Infrequent or hard bowel movements 
  • Rectal pain or bleeding

When to see a doctor

You should see a doctor if you have constipation along with:

  • Symptoms lasting longer than 3 weeks
  • Symptoms that impact everyday activities
  • Bleeding from your rectum or blood on toilet tissue
  • Blood in your stools or black stools
  • Unusual changes in the shape of color of stools
  • Stomach pain
  • Weight loss

Causes and risk factors

Certain lifestyle factors, medications, diet and even blockages in the colon or rectum can cause constipation. 

Risk factors for constipation include:

  • Inadequate intake of dietary fiber or water
  • Medications, like pain or high blood pressure medicines
  • Lack of exercise
  • Travel
  • Other medical problems

Treatment options

If you have constipation, treatment may include the following:

  • Follow a special diet high in fiber
  • Drink plenty of fluids
  • Take over-the-counter laxatives or stool softeners as needed
  • Incorporate probiotics into your diet
  • Treat underlying medical conditions, if necessary

Testing

Your doctor can help you determine if you have constipation. They may recommend the following tests and procedures:

  • Anorectal manometry
  • Blood tests
  • Imaging tests (ultrasound, x-ray, CT scan, MRI scan)
  • Stool tests
  • Colonoscopy

Prevention

The following tips can help you avoid developing constipation.

  • Eat plenty of foods high in fiber
  • Limit processed foods, dairy and meats
  • Stay hydrated 
  • Exercise 
  • Don’t ignore the urge to pass stool

 

Additional conditions

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Esophageal Cancer

Celiac Disease